
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.02, sd = 13.31)}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.1, sd = 2.23)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
                                & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity            & 1.721$^{***}$ & 1.749$^{***}$ & 1.840$^{***}$ & 0.231$^{***}$ & 0.235$^{***}$ & 0.180$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.334)       & (0.340)       & (0.339)       & (0.060)       & (0.061)       & (0.045)\\   
   Surname diversity square     & 0.474$^{***}$ & 0.482$^{***}$ & 0.364$^{***}$ & 0.086$^{***}$ & 0.088$^{***}$ & 0.062$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.124)       & (0.126)       & (0.119)       & (0.026)       & (0.027)       & (0.019)\\   
   Population                   & 3.241$^{***}$ & 3.256$^{***}$ & 3.324$^{***}$ & 0.532$^{***}$ & 0.539$^{***}$ & 0.668$^{***}$\\   
                                & (0.693)       & (0.709)       & (0.562)       & (0.123)       & (0.124)       & (0.088)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Predicted surname diversity        & 0.690$^{**}$  & 0.699$^{**}$  & 0.753$^{***}$ & 0.083$^{**}$  & 0.084$^{**}$  & 0.064\\   
                                      & (0.258)       & (0.262)       & (0.275)       & (0.038)       & (0.039)       & (0.061)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity square & 0.174$^{*}$   & 0.176$^{*}$   & 0.061         & 0.038$^{**}$  & 0.039$^{**}$  & 0.015\\   
                                      & (0.096)       & (0.098)       & (0.114)       & (0.018)       & (0.018)       & (0.026)\\   
   Predicted population               & 2.911$^{***}$ & 2.927$^{***}$ & 0.851         & 0.437$^{***}$ & 0.443$^{***}$ & 0.085\\   
                                      & (0.983)       & (1.009)       & (1.121)       & (0.156)       & (0.160)       & (0.316)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity                          & 2.158$^{***}$ & 2.190$^{***}$ & 2.255$^{***}$ & 0.295$^{***}$ & 0.298$^{***}$ & 0.210\\   
                                              & (0.501)       & (0.512)       & (0.824)       & (0.082)       & (0.084)       & (0.183)\\   
   Surname diversity square      & 0.640$^{***}$ & 0.651$^{***}$ & 0.517         & 0.117$^{***}$ & 0.118$^{***}$ & 0.068\\   
                                              & (0.209)       & (0.214)       & (0.363)       & (0.041)       & (0.042)       & (0.082)\\   
   Population                                 & 2.366$^{***}$ & 2.373$^{***}$ & 0.685         & 0.348$^{***}$ & 0.353$^{***}$ & 0.065\\   
                                              & (0.643)       & (0.663)       & (1.895)       & (0.105)       & (0.107)       & (0.522)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat       & 136; 314; 110 & 136; 314; 110 & 100; 143; 573 & 136; 314; 110 & 136; 314; 110 & 100; 143; 573\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Surname diversity square}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
   Predicted surname diversity        & 0.470$^{***}$     & 0.470$^{***}$     & 0.416$^{***}$     & -0.345$^{***}$                             & -0.346$^{***}$                             & -0.325$^{***}$                             \\
                                      & (0.035)           & (0.036)           & (0.040)           & (0.058)                                    & (0.058)                                    & (0.053)                                    \\
   Predicted surname diversity square & -0.064$^{***}$    & -0.065$^{***}$    & -0.082$^{***}$    & 0.505$^{***}$                              & 0.504$^{***}$                              & 0.479$^{***}$                              \\
                                      & (0.013)           & (0.013)           & (0.012)           & (0.034)                                    & (0.034)                                    & (0.037)                                    \\
   Predicted population               & 0.118$^{***}$     & 0.119$^{***}$     & 0.114$^{**}$      & 0.508$^{***}$                              & 0.501$^{***}$                              & 0.248$^{*}$                                \\
                                      & (0.026)           & (0.026)           & (0.052)           & (0.078)                                    & (0.078)                                    & (0.134)                                    \\
    \\
   County-Surname fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects   & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Surname-Period fixed effects &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}
   Predicted surname diversity        & -0.044$^{*}$  & -0.044$^{*}$  & -0.025$^{***}$ &  &  &  \\
                                      & (0.024)       & (0.024)       & (0.007)        &  &  &  \\
   Predicted surname diversity square & -0.004        & -0.004        & -0.003         &  &  &  \\
                                      & (0.009)       & (0.009)       & (0.003)        &  &  &  \\
   Predicted population               & 0.985$^{***}$ & 0.986$^{***}$ & 0.679$^{***}$  &  &  &  \\
                                      & (0.148)       & (0.150)       & (0.045)        &  &  &  \\
\\
   County fixed effects         &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends      &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                 & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024    & 19,482,024\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


